1. Model PPP medical colleges in MP: Madhya Pradesh approved two new medical colleges in tribal districts (Dhar and Betul) under India’s first public–private partnership scheme.
2. Supreme Court on Aravalli issue: The SC (Dec 29) stayed its own 40-day-old order defining the boundary of the Aravalli region in Haryana/Rajasthan, amid renewed legal review of mining norms there.
3. Unnao rape case bail stalled: The Supreme Court (Dec 29) set aside a Delhi High Court bail order for former BJP MLA Kuldeep Sengar (Unnao rape convict), keeping him in custody until further hearing.
1. Trump-Netanyahu meeting: U.S. President Donald Trump hosted Israeli PM Benjamin Netanyahu (Dec 29) at Mar‑a‑Lago, pressing Israel to end the Gaza war via an Iran-backed deal. Trump warned Hamas of “hell to pay” if it did not disarm, and reaffirmed support for Israel’s security.
2. Armenia-Azerbaijan peace deal: Armenia and Azerbaijan signed a comprehensive peace agreement (announced Mar 13, 2025) to end decades of conflict, including creation of a new Zangezur corridor connecting Azerbaijan’s mainland to Nakhchivan, under U.S. and EU mediation.
3. Argentina backs India for UNSC: Argentina publicly endorsed India’s campaign for a permanent UN Security Council seat, calling the current UNSC structure “outdated” and supporting India’s bid to be a new permanent member.
1. RBI rate cut: In its December 2025 meeting, the RBI’s Monetary Policy Committee cut the repo rate by 25 basis points to 5.25%, marking the fourth rate cut of 2025. The MPC cited record‑low inflation (0.25% in Oct) and falling global commodity prices as justification.
2. Growth and inflation: The Indian economy continued strong expansion. Government data show Q2 FY2025–26 GDP grew ~8.2% (y/y), the highest in six quarters, while consumer inflation fell to just 0.7% in November 2025 – near a decade‑low. Exports remained robust, and foreign exchange reserves stayed high.
1. Space: BlueBird 6 launch: India’s LVM3 rocket successfully launched AST SpaceMobile’s “BlueBird 6” satellite on Dec 23, 2025. This broadband communications satellite (mass ~6,100 kg) deployed a 223 m² antenna – the largest ever unfurled in low Earth orbit – and was the heaviest payload LVM3 has lifted.
2. AI and biotech advances: (Notable 2025 breakthroughs) Researchers reported AI‑designed molecules boosting cancer treatment, and improvements in gene sequencing via machine learning. (Example: AI‑designed drug for pancreatic cancer announced Dec 16, 2025.)
1. Record warmth and climate reports: 2025 was on track to be Earth’s second‑warmest year (~1.48°C above pre-industrial). A new UN Emissions Gap Report warned current climate pledges will likely raise temperatures ~2.3–2.5°C, far above the 1.5°C target.
2. COP30 outcome (Belém, Nov 2025): The UN COP30 climate summit in Brazil concluded without any binding commitment to phase out fossil fuels. Negotiators settled for a non-binding “roadmap” on finance and technology, while shelved language on coal/oil phase-out drew criticism from activists.
1. Missile tests: The Indian Defence R&D Organization successfully test-fired two indigenously developed short-range Pralay ballistic missiles off the Odisha coast on Dec 31, 2025. These new solid-fuel missiles (range ~350 km) augment India’s deterrence capabilities.
2. India-UAE military exercise: The India–UAE joint land exercise “Desert Cyclone‑II” concluded (Dec 18–30) in Abu Dhabi. The drills, involving mechanized infantry and urban-combat training, showcased deepening defense ties and interoperability between the two armies.
1. László Krasznahorkai: Hungarian novelist Krasznahorkai won the 2025 Nobel Prize in Literature “for his compelling and visionary oeuvre” amid contemporary turmoil.
2. María Corina Machado: Venezuelan opposition leader Machado received the 2025 Nobel Peace Prize “for her courageous fight for democracy and women’s rights” under an authoritarian regime.
3. Banu Mushtaq & Deepa Bhasthi: Kannada author Banu Mushtaq and her translator Deepa Bhasthi made history by winning the 2025 International Booker Prize for Heart Lamp, the first short story collection (and first Kannada work) to earn the honor.
1. Cricket: The BCCI named 24-year-old opener Shubman Gill as captain of India’s ODI squad for the upcoming New Zealand series (announced Dec 31, 2025). Veteran players Jasprit Bumrah and Hardik Pandya were rested for the tour.
2. Chess: Indian Grandmaster Arjun Erigaisi won bronze medals in both the FIDE World Rapid and World Blitz Championships (Doha, Dec 2025), becoming only the second Indian (after Anand) to medal in both events.
3. Hockey (Junior World Cup): In the Men’s U21 FIH Hockey World Cup held in India (Dec 28, 2025 – Jan 7, 2026), Germany defeated defending champion India to win the title.
4. Handball (Women’s World Championship): Norway beat host Germany 23–20 in the final of the 2025 World Women’s Handball Championship (Germany/Netherlands, Dec 2025) to claim the world title.
1. Nobel Peace Prize: Venezuelan opposition leader María Corina Machado won the 2025 Nobel Peace Prize.
2. Nobel Economics Prize: The 2025 Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences was awarded half to Joel Mokyr and half jointly to Philippe Aghion & Peter Howitt, “for having explained innovation-driven economic growth”.
3. Booker Prize: David Szalay (UK/Hungary) won the 2025 Booker Prize for his novel Flesh, becoming the first Hungarian-British author to do so.
4. International Booker Prize: As above, Kannada Heart Lamp by Banu Mushtaq (author) and Deepa Bhasthi (translator) won the 2025 International Booker Prize.
1. Dec 1 – World AIDS Day: Marked worldwide, 2025’s theme was “Overcoming Disruption, Transforming the AIDS Response,” highlighting gaps exacerbated by recent global challenges.
2. Dec 3 – International Day of Persons with Disabilities: Focus on promoting inclusion and accessibility for people with disabilities.
3. Dec 10 – Human Rights Day: Observed globally to commemorate the UN’s 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
4. Dec 31 – New Year’s Eve: Nations worldwide prepare to welcome 2026, often with cultural events and countdown celebrations.
Nitin Nabin (Bihar): Senior BJP leader and Bihar Minister of Road & PD and Urban Dev., Nitin Nabin resigned from his state ministerial posts on Dec 16 after being appointed a national working president of the BJP.
1. WSIS+20 (UN High-Level Meeting): On Dec 16–17, the UN General Assembly held WSIS+20 in New York – a high-level review of the 20th anniversary of the World Summit on the Information Society. World leaders and experts discussed ICT for development and challenges in the digital age.
2. COP30 (climate, Brazil): (Nov 30–Dec 12, 2025) The annual UN climate summit in Belém yielded only a non-binding “roadmap” on sustainable finance; no agreement to phase out fossil fuels was reached.
1. Goa nightclub fire: On Dec 6, a fire at the “Birch by Romeo Lane” nightclub in Arpora, Goa, killed 25 people (mostly staff) and injured ~50. The blaze, triggered by bursting fireworks near a makeshift palm‑leaf roof, raised serious safety and regulatory questions.
2. West Bengal – Kolkata event chaos: A Dec 14 Lionel Messi “GOAT Tour” football event at Kolkata’s Salt Lake Stadium ended in chaos. Police later reported over ₹23 crore in damages to stadium infrastructure and vendors due to mismanagement. The event organizer was arrested for “criminal conspiracy” over crowd control failures.
Notable figures who died in 2025 include: Pope Francis (age 88, first Latin American pontiff); primatologist Jane Goodall (91); Apollo 13 astronaut Jim Lovell (97); filmmaker Rob Reiner (78); heavyweight boxing champion George Foreman (76); wrestling icon Hulk Hogan (71); and soccer star Diogo Jota (28), among others.
1. SDG Index 2025: India entered the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) top 100 for the first time, ranking 99th out of 167 countries in 2025 (up from 109th in 2024). Global progress remains slow, with only ~17% of targets on track.
2. Global growth forecast: The World Bank projected world GDP growth at ~2.3% for 2025, down from 3.3% in 2024, citing persistent inflation and geopolitical tensions as constraints.
1. Booker Prize 2025: Flesh by David Szalay won, with Szalay becoming the first Hungarian-British author to receive the Booker Prize.
2. International Booker 2025: Heart Lamp by Banu Mushtaq (author) and Deepa Bhasthi (translator) – stories about women in rural India – won the prize on May 20, 2025. This was the first time a Kannada work and its Indian translator won the award.
3. Nobel Prize in Literature: Awarded to Hungarian novelist László Krasznahorkai “for his compelling and visionary oeuvre… reaffirming the power of art”.
1. UNESCO World Heritage: In July 2025, UNESCO inscribed 26 new cultural and natural sites onto its World Heritage List, raising the total to 1,248 sites worldwide. The list now includes more prehistoric and African heritage sites (e.g., Megaliths of Carnac, Peruaçu River Canyon).
2. Cultural: The Bihar government approved a new sports university; film awards and festivals took place (e.g., the 2025 National Film Awards winners were announced). (For example, Soul of India was named Best Feature.)
3. Health: India’s health ministry banned high-dose (above 100 mg) formulations of the painkiller nimesulide (Dec 31) citing toxicity risks.
📝 Explanation: In December 2025, the Madhya Pradesh government approved two new medical colleges in tribal-dominated districts under a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model. This initiative aims to improve healthcare access, medical education infrastructure, and doctor availability in remote and underserved tribal regions. It is among India’s first structured attempts to use PPP for medical education expansion.
📝Explanation: Former US President Donald Trump met Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu at Mar-a-Lago in late December 2025. Discussions focused on ending the Gaza conflict, regional security, and Iran’s influence. Trump issued strong warnings to Hamas and reiterated US support for Israel’s security, highlighting the geopolitical significance of the meeting.
📝 Explanation: Armenia and Azerbaijan signed a historic peace agreement in 2025 to formally end decades of conflict over the Nagorno-Karabakh region. The deal included border normalization and a transport corridor through southern Armenia. It marked a major diplomatic breakthrough in the South Caucasus region after years of hostilities.
📝 Explanation: In December 2025, the Reserve Bank of India cut the repo rate by 25 basis points to 5.25%. The decision was taken due to declining inflation levels, stable growth prospects, and easing global commodity prices. This was the fourth rate cut in 2025, aimed at stimulating investment and consumption.
📝 Explanation: India’s LVM3 rocket successfully launched the BlueBird-6 satellite of AST SpaceMobile in December 2025. This satellite carried the world’s largest commercial communications antenna deployed in low Earth orbit. The mission showcased India’s growing capability in handling heavy and advanced commercial payloads.
📝 Explanation: COP30 was held in Belém, Brazil, in 2025. The summit focused on climate finance, technology transfer, and adaptation strategies. While it did not produce binding fossil fuel phase-out commitments, it emphasized climate funding mechanisms and implementation challenges, drawing criticism from environmental groups.
📝 Explanation: On December 31, 2025, India successfully test-fired the Pralay short-range ballistic missile off the Odisha coast. Developed by DRDO, Pralay is a solid-fuel missile with high accuracy and maneuverability. It strengthens India’s conventional deterrence capability and fills a critical gap between tactical and strategic missile systems.
📝 Explanation: Hungarian novelist László Krasznahorkai won the 2025 Nobel Prize in Literature for his visionary and complex literary works exploring chaos, humanity, and existentialism. His writing style is known for long sentences and philosophical depth, influencing contemporary global literature.
📝 Explanation: Venezuelan opposition leader María Corina Machado received the 2025 Nobel Peace Prize for her persistent struggle for democracy, human rights, and women’s political participation under authoritarian conditions. The award recognized her non-violent resistance and leadership amid political repression.
📝 Explanation: Shubman Gill was appointed India’s ODI captain for the New Zealand series announced in December 2025. The move reflects the BCCI’s strategy of grooming young leadership while resting senior players. Gill’s consistent performance and calm temperament contributed to his elevation.
📝 Explanation: Arjun Erigaisi won bronze medals in both the World Rapid and World Blitz Chess Championships in 2025. This achievement placed him among elite Indian chess players and highlighted India’s continued rise as a global chess powerhouse after Viswanathan Anand’s legacy.
📝 Explanation: The novel Flesh by David Szalay won the 2025 Booker Prize. The book explores identity, masculinity, and emotional vulnerability in contemporary society. Szalay became the first Hungarian-British author to win the prestigious literary award.
📝 Explanation: Heart Lamp, written by Kannada author Banu Mushtaq and translated by Deepa Bhasthi, won the 2025 International Booker Prize. It was the first Kannada short-story collection to win the award, highlighting Indian regional literature on the global stage.
📝 Explanation: In 2025, India entered the top 100 of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) Index for the first time, ranking 99th. The improvement reflected progress in poverty reduction, infrastructure, clean energy access, and health indicators, although challenges remain in inequality and environment.
📝 Explanation: The WSIS+20 High-Level Meeting was held in December 2025 at the UN Headquarters. It reviewed two decades of progress in digital development, internet access, ICT governance, and bridging the digital divide, especially in developing countries.
📝 Explanation: A tragic nightclub fire occurred in Goa’s Arpora area in December 2025, killing over 20 people. The fire was caused by fireworks igniting flammable decorative materials. The incident raised serious concerns about safety regulations, licensing, and fire preparedness at entertainment venues.
📝 Explanation: In December 2025, the Indian government restricted high-dose formulations of the painkiller Nimesulide due to toxicity risks, especially to the liver. The move aimed to improve drug safety standards and prevent misuse of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
📝 Explanation: World AIDS Day is observed on December 1 every year to raise awareness about HIV/AIDS, remember those who have died, and support people living with HIV. The 2025 theme emphasized overcoming disruptions and strengthening global health responses.
📝 Explanation: The World Bank projected global economic growth at approximately 2.3% for 2025, citing high interest rates, geopolitical tensions, and weak investment. The outlook highlighted slower recovery compared to pre-pandemic growth trends.
📝 Explanation: December 31 is observed worldwide as New Year’s Eve, marking the final day of the Gregorian calendar year. It is celebrated globally with cultural events, countdowns, and reflections on the past year, symbolizing transition and renewal.
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