1. Anti-Terror Conference 2025 (Dec 26–28, Delhi): Union Home Minister Amit Shah inaugurated the NIA’s two-day Anti-Terror Conference, launching new digital tools (AI-enabled organised-crime database, updated NIA Crime Manual, weapons database) and honouring nine NIA personnel.
2. Electric Tractor Standard: On National Consumer Day (Dec 24), Minister Pralhad Joshi unveiled IS 19262:2025 – India’s first test-code standard for electric agricultural tractors, setting uniform safety and performance protocols.
3. Shipbuilding Incentives: The Ministry of Ports, Shipping & Waterways notified operational guidelines for two shipbuilding schemes (SBFAS and SbDS) with a combined outlay of ₹44,700 crore, to boost domestic shipyard capacity.
4. Defence Acquisition: The Defence Acquisition Council (chaired by Rajnath Singh) approved ~₹79,000 crore in new procurements under the “Make in India” category for the Army, Navy and Air Force.
5. NIA Leadership: The Ministry of Home Affairs gave Additional Charge of NIA Director-General to Special DG Rakesh Aggarwal (pending a new full-time appointment).
1. India–China Relations: India and China ended 2025 on a positive note, moving to normalize ties after four years of border tensions. NSA Ajit Doval and China’s Wang Yi revived dialogue on the Ladakh dispute, and PM Modi and President Xi Jinping met in Tianjin to declare the two nations as “development partners” who must cooperate rather than compete.
2. Rare Earth Reserves: A report by Amicus Growth (Dec 28) ranked India 3rd globally in rare-earth-oxide reserves (6.9 million tonnes, ~6–7% of world total) after China and Brazil.
3. Bangladesh Mourning: Bangladesh declared three days of state mourning after former Prime Minister Khaleda Zia (BNP leader) died at age 80 on Dec 29. Chief Adviser Muhammad Yunus announced a general holiday for her Janaza (funeral prayer) on Dec 31.
4. India–New Zealand FTA: India and New Zealand concluded a comprehensive Free Trade Agreement (to be signed in early 2026) that will eliminate tariffs on most bilateral trade, expanding market access for goods and services.
1. NBFC Licensing: RBI granted a Certificate of Registration to Aryaman Finance (India) Ltd, a subsidiary of Aryaman Financial Services, allowing it to commence business as a non-deposit-taking NBFC (Type II NBFC-ND-ICC) under RBI regulations.
2. Housing Finance: The IFC (World Bank affiliate) agreed to invest ₹300 crore in Grihum Housing Finance’s maiden residential mortgage-backed security issue, bolstering long-term mortgage funding for affordable housing.
2. Gold Imports: India’s Commerce Ministry added Russia’s Sberbank to the list of authorized banks permitted to import gold (FY 2025–26), expanding the importer base in the country’s trade policy.
3. Economic Outlook: The Indian government reported a rare phase of “high growth, low inflation” in 2025 – Q2 real GDP hit 8.2% (the fastest in 6 quarters) while consumer inflation fell under 1%. Exports stayed robust (~$38.13 bn in Nov) and foreign reserves reached ~$686 bn. With a GDP of $4.18 trillion, India has overtaken Japan to become the world’s 4th-largest economy.
1. Space Launch: On Dec 28, Russia successfully launched a Soyuz-2.1b rocket from the Vostochny Cosmodrome carrying 52 satellites (including two Aist-2T Earth-observation satellites and 50 small satellites).
2. Supercomputing: IIT Patna commissioned the PARAM Rudra supercomputer (38.8 petaflops), Bihar’s first HPC under India’s National Supercomputing Mission, to aid research across dozens of university departments.
3. Medical Technology: Indian startup VoxelGrids unveiled India’s first indigenously developed 1.5T MRI scanner (helium-free design), a major boost to domestic medical-tech manufacturing (deployed at a cancer hospital in Nagpur).
4. Standards: The Bureau of Indian Standards issued India’s first safety standard for agarbattis (incense sticks), aiming to improve consumer safety in household products.
1. Eco-Sensitive Zone: The government notified Uttar Pradesh’s Parvati–Arga Bird Sanctuary as an Eco-Sensitive Zone, legally protecting its wetland ecosystem and endangered birds.
2. Climate Report: Scientists warned that 2025 ranked among the hottest years on record globally, with intensified heatwaves, droughts, and storms driven by climate change. This followed a year of extreme weather events (e.g. wildfires, floods) worldwide.
1. Procurement: The DAC’s Dec approvals (₹79,000 cr) include new radars, missile systems, artillery, and communications gear for the Army, Navy and Air Force.
2. R&D Partnership: The IAF’s Software Development Institute signed an MoU with IIT Madras to co-develop an indigenous secure airborne communication system for fighter jets, strengthening India’s defense tech base.
3. Kimberley Process: At its Dec plenary, India was chosen to assume Chair of the UN-backed Kimberley Process (conflict-diamond certification) in 2026, after serving as Vice-Chair in 2025.
1. Khaleda Zia: Former Bangladesh PM and BNP chief (age 80) passed away on Dec 29; her death was widely mourned domestically and internationally.
2. President Murmu: On Dec 30, President Droupadi Murmu released an official Hindi translation of the Indian Constitution in Santhali (using Ol Chiki script), marking the 100th anniversary of the script and boosting tribal representation.
3. Jayshree Ullal: The Indian-origin CEO of Arista Networks was ranked the wealthiest Indian (men or women) on the 2025 Hurun India Rich List, with an estimated net worth of ~$5.7 billion.
4. Arjun Erigaisi: The young Indian chess grandmaster (age 20) defeated World No. 1 Magnus Carlsen at the World Blitz Championship, leading the standings after Day 1.
1. Chess: GM Arjun Erigaisi upset Magnus Carlsen in the World Blitz Chess Championships (Dec 29) and ended Day 1 in first place.
2. Badminton: Olympic medallist PV Sindhu was elected Chair of the Badminton World Federation Athletes’ Commission (2026–2029 term), giving players a voice in the BWF council.
3. Hockey: Shrachi Bengal Tigers won 1–0 over JSW Soorma in the opening match of India’s women’s Pro Hockey League (WHIL) on Dec 30.
Hurun Rich List: As above, Jayshree Ullal topped the Hurun India Rich List 2025 among Indian-origin executives.
1. National Resolution Planning Day: Dec 30 is observed (informally) in the US as National Resolution Planning Day, a day for setting New Year’s goals.
2. National Bacon Day: Also Dec 30 is celebrated in the US as “National Bacon Day” – a lighthearted food-themed observance.
3. Other: Late December also hosts year-end cultural events (e.g. ongoing Kwanzaa, Christmas bird counts) and thematic months (e.g. Gift of Sight Month).
1. NIA DG: As noted, Rakesh Aggarwal took over as interim NIA Director-General.
2. State Officials: (Examples) Odisha’s government inaugurated new tech hubs, and Uttar Pradesh’s CM announced AI and semiconductor projects to make 2026 a “defining year” for the state’s tech growth.
3. Multilateral Roles: India will chair the Kimberley Process (as Vice-Chair in Dec 2025, then Chair in 2026).
1. WHO Traditional Medicine Summit (Dec 22–24, New Delhi): Co-hosted with WHO, this major summit drew 800+ delegates from 100+ countries to integrate traditional medicine into health systems; WHO launched a new TM Global Library during the event.
2. Regional AI Conference (Dec 19–20, Bhubaneswar): Odisha’s government hosted a Regional AI Impact Conference on AI in governance and public services, positioning the state as a national AI hub.
3. NIA Counter-Terror Conference (Dec 26–27, New Delhi): Central and state security agencies held meetings to finalize India’s first National Counter-Terror Policy, coordinating anti-terror efforts (as previewed in national news).
1. Uttarakhand – Almora Bus Accident: A state-owned bus plunged into a gorge in Almora district on Dec 29, killing at least 7 and injuring 12.
2. Uttarakhand – NHRC Notice: The National Human Rights Commission issued notices to Dehradun officials over the Dec 9 fatal attack on Anjel Chakma (a 24-year-old Tripura-origin student), amid allegations of a racially motivated murder.
3. Maharashtra – Mumbai Civic Polls: The BJP and Eknath Shinde’s Shiv Sena agreed on a seat-sharing deal: BJP will contest 137 of 227 BMC seats, Shiv Sena 90 seats, for elections on Jan 15, 2026.
4. Ladakh – Leh Protests: Clashes erupted in Leh on Sep 24 over administrative issues, resulting in 4 deaths and dozens injured in the unrest.
5. Delhi – Severe Fog: Much of North India, including Delhi, faced a red-alert for dense fog and “severe” air quality, disrupting travel as year-end cold set in.
1. Khaleda Zia (1945–2025): Former Bangladesh Prime Minister (three-term) and BNP leader died Dec 29 in Dhaka at age 80.
2. Hugh Morris (1962–2025): Former England opening batsman (3 Tests, later ECB CEO) passed away at 62.
1. Rare Earth Ranking: India was ranked 3rd globally in rare-earth reserves (6.9 Mt REO) in the latest survey.
2. Economic Size: With GDP ~$4.18 trillion, India officially became the world’s 4th-largest economy in 2025.
3. Growth Projections: Multilateral agencies (IMF, World Bank, etc.) continued to forecast India as one of the fastest-growing major economies in 2026.
Literature News: No major book releases or literary awards were announced on Dec 30, 2025 (year-end roundups are expected in early January).
Month-long Observances: December 2025 included themed observances like National Gift of Sight Month, National Cat Lovers’ Month and National Safe Toys & Gifts Month.
📝 Explanation: In December 2025, the Defence Acquisition Council approved procurements worth approximately ₹79,000 crore, focusing on indigenous systems for the Army, Navy, and Air Force. This move strengthens India’s defence preparedness and aligns with the Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative to reduce import dependence and enhance domestic defence manufacturing capabilities.
📝Explanation: In late December 2025, India and China resumed high-level diplomatic engagement after nearly four years of strained relations following border standoffs. Meetings between top leaders emphasized cooperation, economic development, and confidence-building measures, signaling a cautious thaw in bilateral ties.
📝 Explanation: By the end of 2025, India surpassed Japan to become the world’s fourth-largest economy, with GDP estimated around $4.18 trillion. This milestone reflects sustained growth, demographic advantage, reforms, and increased domestic demand, strengthening India’s global economic standing.
📝 Explanation: IIT Patna commissioned the PARAM Rudra supercomputer, Bihar’s first high-performance computing system. Developed under the National Supercomputing Mission, it will support advanced research in artificial intelligence, climate modelling, material science, and computational biology.
📝 Explanation: The Parvati–Arga Bird Sanctuary was notified as an Eco-Sensitive Zone to protect wetlands, migratory birds, and biodiversity. ESZ status restricts industrial activities and promotes conservation, reflecting India’s commitment to ecological protection.
📝 Explanation: India was selected to become Chair of the Kimberley Process in 2026, an international initiative preventing trade in conflict diamonds. This role enhances India’s diplomatic stature and reflects trust in its regulatory and governance frameworks.rked globally for disaster awareness and preparedness.
📝 Explanation: Khaleda Zia, former Prime Minister and BNP leader, passed away at age 80. She was a dominant figure in Bangladesh politics, serving multiple terms. Her death led to state mourning and marked the end of an era in Bangladeshi political history.
📝 Explanation: Indian Grandmaster Arjun Erigaisi stunned the chess world by defeating World No.1 Magnus Carlsen at the World Blitz Championship. This victory showcased India’s rising dominance in global chess and the emergence of a new generation of elite players.
📝 Explanation: Jayshree Ullal, CEO of Arista Networks, topped the Hurun India Rich List 2025 among Indian-origin individuals. Her rise reflects the global success of Indian-origin technology leaders and women executives.
📝 Explanation: Resolution Planning Day encourages individuals to reflect on the past year and plan goals for the upcoming year. While informal, it highlights the cultural emphasis on self-improvement and planning at year’s end.
📝 Explanation: Senior IPS officer Rakesh Aggarwal was given additional charge as NIA Director-General until a full-time appointment is made. The NIA plays a crucial role in counter-terrorism and national security investigations.
📝 Explanation: The WHO Traditional Medicine Summit held in New Delhi emphasized integrating traditional systems like Ayurveda into modern healthcare. India’s leadership in this field strengthened its soft power in global health governance.
📝 Explanation: A state transport bus fell into a gorge in Almora, Uttarakhand, causing multiple casualties. The incident highlighted infrastructure challenges and road safety concerns in hilly regions.
📝 Explanation: Former England opener Hugh Morris, who later served as ECB CEO, passed away at age 62. He contributed significantly to English cricket administration and player development.
📝 Explanation: India ranked third globally in rare-earth reserves, highlighting its strategic importance in clean energy, electronics, and defence manufacturing. Rare earths are critical for EVs, wind turbines, and semiconductors.
📝 Explanation: No significant book launches, author deaths, or literary awards were reported on December 30, 2025. Such information is often tested to ensure factual accuracy in competitive exams.
📝 Explanation: India launched its first indigenously developed helium-free 1.5 Tesla MRI scanner in Nagpur. This achievement reduces dependence on imports and lowers diagnostic costs, strengthening medical self-reliance.
📝 Explanation: The RBI issued a Certificate of Registration to Aryaman Finance (India) Ltd, allowing it to operate as a non-deposit-taking NBFC. Such approvals strengthen credit availability and financial inclusion.
📝 Explanation: India concluded an FTA with New Zealand, enhancing market access for goods, services, and professionals. The agreement is expected to boost bilateral trade and strategic economic ties.
📝 Explanation: Climate agencies confirmed that 2025 ranked among the hottest years globally, marked by heatwaves, floods, droughts, and extreme weather. The data reinforces the urgency of climate action and emission reductions.
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